10 Super Weird College Majors Youve Never Heard Of

10 Super Weird College Majors Youve Never Heard Of You have a passion for something, but you aren’t sure whether there’s a major for that. We’re in an exciting, evolving time now where, depending on where you choose to study, you can kind of go your own way. There are tons of weird, but cool- and real- majors out there for you to explore and extend what drives you. So pick your passion, follow your bliss, and major in something that matters to you. Here are 10 of the weirdest and the coolest ones we’ve found.1. Adventure EdIf you go to Plymouth State University in New Hampshire, you can take courses in Rock Climbing, Canoe Paddling, Wilderness Expedition, etc. in preparation to help teach kids, adults, at-risk populations, and yourself to have challenging experiences in the great outdoors. Your job prospects include working for outdoor education at state or national parks, or even outdoor adventure programs the world over.2. BagpipingShow your Scottish roots- at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, yo u can major in Bagpipe Performance. The major has been around for 75 years.3. Canadian StudiesAt Duke University in North Carolina, it’s not all about American Studies. You can study the literature, politics, and culture of the giant country to the north- regardless of whether or not you hail from there. Learn, in-depth, about our neighbors!4. AuctioneeringThink you’d make a great auctioneer? If you go to Harrisburg Area Community College in Pennsylvania and study things like Audience Communications, Auctioneering Law, Procurement and Appraisal of Merchandise, and Preparations for the Auction, you’ll prep yourself for a very specific career. Job prospects: obvious!5. The BeatlesNo, really. At Liverpool Hope University in the UK, you can â€Å"examine the significance of the music of The Beatles in the construction of identities, audiences, ethnicities and industries, and localities.† Job prospects: Beatles historian (yes, apparently that is a thing) or Po pular Music Studies specialist.6. CitrusIf you go to Florida Southern University, where citrus farming is key, you can learn all you need to know about planting, irrigating, weed managing, pruning, fertilizing, pest controlling, and all other general citrus tree managing. Job prospects are surprisingly numerous: work for large citrus production companies, grove service companies, agricultural cooperatives, juice processing plants, agrochemical and fertilizer companies, or at citrus research facilities.7. Comic ArtComic arts are a real art these days. Study History, Concepts, Storytelling, Print Web Publishing, Composition, Character Development, etc. at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, then take a job at comic studios as a cartoonist, illustrator or author or in comic book art production.8. EgyptologyLove mummies? At Brown University in Rhode Island, you can prepare yourself for a career as an Egyptologist, historian, or specialized archaeologist by studying all things An cient Egyptian and Mesopotamian.9. Farrier ScienceLearn how to shoe horses at Mesalands Community College in New Mexico. Enjoy courses such as Equine Anatomy and Physiology, Horseshoeing Theory, Blacksmithing, then find yourself your dream career as a self-employed farrier, or work in equine or agricultural industries.10. Pop CultureAre you that person who knows everything about pop culture and doesn’t really care much about anything else? There’s a degree for you at Bowling Green State University in Ohio. Your course load would include things like Intro to Popular Culture or Popular Culture and Media, Black Popular Culture, Television as Popular Culture, Folklife and Material Culture, and History of Popular Literature. And a wide variety of careers might be open to you, including positions in advertising, public relations, journalism, mass media (management, performance, production and marketing), teaching, library and museum work. It never hurts to be a well-rounded person who knows a ton about what’s going on around you.

How to Win Community Service Scholarships

How to Win Community Service Scholarships SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you been significantly involved in community service or volunteer work?Will you be applying to college soon?Good news! You can use your community service experiences as a way to help pay for college or to fund future volunteer projects. Read on to learn what community scholarships are, how you can find one, and how you can increase your chances of winning one. What Are Community Service Scholarships? Community service scholarships are scholarships awarded to students who have demonstrated a significant and positive impact on their community as a volunteer.Many schools and organizations value students whom they think will have a positive impact on the world, and they reward people who have begun to do this already through their community service. While some scholarships have requirements for the type of service that had to have been done, community service, in general, can be completed nearly anywhere: hospitals, parks, schools, animal shelters, and more.As long as you have been significantly involved in a service project, you will likely find a scholarship you are eligible for, regardless of where you completed this work. The award amounts of these scholarships can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars or more.Most of the scholarships are used to help pay for school, but others are for funding future service trips or projects. What Qualities Do Evaluators Look For in Community Service Scholarship Applications? The exact qualities vary for each scholarship, but in general evaluators look for: Commitment to community service and bettering the lives of others A deep interest in your volunteer work Leadership experience Work that had a strong positive impact on your community Personal growth as a result of community service Read on to learn how to emphasize these qualities in your application and for step-by-step guidelines to crafting a strong application that will increase your chances of winning a community service scholarship. #1: Develop a Strong Record of Community Service The most important way to increase your chances of winning a community service scholarship is to have a strong record of community service.Even if you write a brilliant essay, have top grades, and submit glowing letters of recommendation, if you don’t have a history of significant and dedicated community service, it will be practically impossible to win a community service scholarship. It’s obviously easier to strengthen your community service if you are younger and have more time before applying for scholarships, but even people without a lot of time can make improvements to their community service record.Listed below are components of strong community service records to aim for in your own work. Qualities of Strong Community Service: Working Primarily at One Location or in One Field Dedicating months or even years to volunteering at one place or within one field (such as education or medicine) is more impressive than spending a few hours volunteering at many different places, because it shows dedication and passion for a cause. If, for example, all your volunteer experiences have involved working with animals, the people reviewing your application will be able to clearly see what your interests are and get a better understanding of your personality and the issues you care about. Leadership Experience Colleges are always looking for leaders because they are often more likely to have a larger impact on the world.Ways to show leadership through your community service experiences include gaining more responsibility over time, developing or leading the planning of a new project, and supervising other volunteers. Regularly Participating in Community Service The people and organizations awarding scholarships want to see a significant commitment to helping others, which means they prefer applicants who haveregularly participated in community service over a long period of time. This often means months or years of volunteer work.If you haven’t been involved in community service for very long, try to volunteer regularly and look for leadership opportunities in order to strengthen this part of your service. Helping People or a Place You Care About A passion for helping others is a critical part of most community service scholarships, so reviewers want to see applicants who have strong reasons for volunteering.Hopefully, you had important reasons for choosing to volunteer where you did. Do you plan to work in a similar field in the future? Was this place important to you growing up? Did you have a particularly influential tutor while growing up and want to provide the same guidance to someone else? Discuss these reasons in your essay and/or have someone else discuss them in your letter of recommendation.Try to develop relationships with the people you are helping and the people you are working with. Not only will this make your volunteer work more enjoyable, it will also likely increase the positive impact you have and make people more willing to write you a great letter of recommendation. #2: Analyze Your Community Service Experiences The application process for most community service scholarships requires you to think critically about your community service and its impact on your life.Thinking about this now, early on in the process, will give you time to review and strengthen your answers and will also help you choose which scholarships to apply for and how to structure your essays later on. Ask yourself the following questions, and write the answers down somewhere where you can reference them again as you complete your applications: What made you first choose to participate in community service? Why did you choose to volunteer where you did? How has your community service changed you? How has your community service benefited others? What is your favorite memory from community service? What friendships have you gained as a result of your community service? #3: Have Solid Academics Even though the people reviewing your application are particularly interested in your community service, they also want to award the scholarships to strong students, as the majority of these scholarships will be used to pay for college.Many community service scholarships require a minimum GPA, and somealso require completing particular coursework, such as taking certain math courses for scholarships geared towards STEM students. For most community service scholarships, the stronger your grades and academic work, the better your chance of winning.This includes your GPA, class rank, and rigor of your courses.Some scholarships are also only given to students planning on majoring in a particular field or who plan on pursuing a particular career, such as nursing or social work. If your grades aren’t as high as you’d like them to be, there are some community service scholarships that do not take your grades into account, so you may want to focus on applying to those. #4: Research Different Scholarships After you've spent time strengthening and thinking about your community service experiences, it’s time to start looking for scholarships.There are hundreds of community service scholarships available, and we have a guide that includes a complete list of them!You can also see ifyour high school or future college offers community service scholarships, or search online. You can search for scholarships based on the type of community service performed, specific colleges you’d like to apply to, GPA requirements, and more. Before you apply to a scholarship, it's important to check whetheryou meet its eligibility requirements. Many community service scholarships have very specific requirements for things such as applicants’ age, race, GPA, and financial need.Check eligibility carefully now so that you don’t waste time applying for a scholarship you don’t quality for. You also shouldn't apply to just one scholarship.One of the best ways to increase your chances of winning a community service scholarship is to apply for multiple scholarships.Keep in mind as well that not all community scholarships are restricted to high school seniors, so you may be able to start applying earlier and build up your scholarship fund. Throughout this process, you should also be paying careful attention to application deadlines.Many deadlines are early in the school year, so try to start your applications early and use a calendar to keep track of when materials need to be submitted. #5: Write a Strong Essay Almost all community service scholarships require an essay in order to apply, and they are often the most important part of your application.Your essay gives you the chance to explain what you did during your community service, the impact it had on others, and the impact it had on you. These are all things that are very important to scholarship committees. Before you begin any essay, make sure you carefully read the instructions. Different scholarships will want your essay to focus on different aspects of your community service. Some want you to discuss how you changed, while others want you to focus more on how you helped others. Some want you to describe one specific memory from your community service while others want a broad overview of your work. Pay attention to this, because even if you write a wonderful essay, if it wasn’t on what the instructions asked for, you won’t win the scholarship. If you are applying to multiple scholarships, also be prepared to write different essays for each of them, although you can often reuse parts of one essay for other scholarships. We have a guide thatexplains step-by-step how to write great community service essays. Some major points to keep in mind are: Include specific details about your experience so people reading your essay better understand the work you did. Discuss specific projects, moments, and people in your essay. Highlight your personal strengths so readers get a better sense of your personality. Are you a motivated leader? A natural people person? Give examples to support this. Make your accomplishments clear. What was the impact of your community service? Who did it help? How did it improve your community? Image Source: Jonathan Kim/Flickr #6: Get Excellent Letters of Recommendation Not all scholarships require submitting a letter or letters of recommendation, but when they are required, they are usually a very important part of the application. We have a guide that gives a complete overview of how to get a great letter of recommendation.Some of the main points to consider are: Ask your community service supervisor to write your letter, as they will often be able to fully describe the work you did and write professionally. If your supervisor doesn’t know you particularly well, you may consider asking a coworker write you a letter instead, if that is allowed by the scholarship’s guidelines. Talk to the person writing your letter about what you’d like them to include, such as particular projects, examples of leadership, or times you worked well with others. Remember that youwill get the best letters of recommendation if you have developed strong relationships with people you volunteer with and if you’ve spent a significant amount of time working at one place. This is again why having a strong record of community service is so important for winning scholarships. #7: Gather Additional Materials Writing the essay and getting letters of recommendation are usually the most challenging parts of applying for community service scholarships, but once you have finished with those, don’t forget some of the smaller application requirements. Most community service scholarships request some additional application materials. The specific material needed varies for each scholarship, but can often include: School transcripts Your work history A list of your other extracurricular activities Awards or honors you've received Proof of financial need Some scholarships have different submission deadlines for different parts of the application, so make sure you are staying organized and submitting each of the application materials on time. #8: Review and Submit! The final step before you submit your application should be to check over each of your application materials.Is your essay as strong and specific as it could be? Do you have each piece of information you need to apply? It’s often useful to have someone else, such as a parent or teacher, look over your application, particularly the essay. Many times they can give valuable feedback that will help make your application even stronger. Once you are confident with everything, it’s time to submit!If there is a website for the scholarship, it will usually mention when winners will be notified, but if you can’t find this information, feel free to contact someone who helps organize the scholarship and ask them.Good luck! What's Next? Want to learn more about community service? Check out our guide to community serviceand learn what community service is, what its benefits are, and how you can get involved. Want to know where you should do volunteer work? Check out our guide to the 9 best places to do community service. Interested in applying to other scholarships? Check out these 21 great scholarships for high school seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How to Win Community Service Scholarships

How to Win Community Service Scholarships SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you been significantly involved in community service or volunteer work?Will you be applying to college soon?Good news! You can use your community service experiences as a way to help pay for college or to fund future volunteer projects. Read on to learn what community scholarships are, how you can find one, and how you can increase your chances of winning one. What Are Community Service Scholarships? Community service scholarships are scholarships awarded to students who have demonstrated a significant and positive impact on their community as a volunteer.Many schools and organizations value students whom they think will have a positive impact on the world, and they reward people who have begun to do this already through their community service. While some scholarships have requirements for the type of service that had to have been done, community service, in general, can be completed nearly anywhere: hospitals, parks, schools, animal shelters, and more.As long as you have been significantly involved in a service project, you will likely find a scholarship you are eligible for, regardless of where you completed this work. The award amounts of these scholarships can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars or more.Most of the scholarships are used to help pay for school, but others are for funding future service trips or projects. What Qualities Do Evaluators Look For in Community Service Scholarship Applications? The exact qualities vary for each scholarship, but in general evaluators look for: Commitment to community service and bettering the lives of others A deep interest in your volunteer work Leadership experience Work that had a strong positive impact on your community Personal growth as a result of community service Read on to learn how to emphasize these qualities in your application and for step-by-step guidelines to crafting a strong application that will increase your chances of winning a community service scholarship. #1: Develop a Strong Record of Community Service The most important way to increase your chances of winning a community service scholarship is to have a strong record of community service.Even if you write a brilliant essay, have top grades, and submit glowing letters of recommendation, if you don’t have a history of significant and dedicated community service, it will be practically impossible to win a community service scholarship. It’s obviously easier to strengthen your community service if you are younger and have more time before applying for scholarships, but even people without a lot of time can make improvements to their community service record.Listed below are components of strong community service records to aim for in your own work. Qualities of Strong Community Service: Working Primarily at One Location or in One Field Dedicating months or even years to volunteering at one place or within one field (such as education or medicine) is more impressive than spending a few hours volunteering at many different places, because it shows dedication and passion for a cause. If, for example, all your volunteer experiences have involved working with animals, the people reviewing your application will be able to clearly see what your interests are and get a better understanding of your personality and the issues you care about. Leadership Experience Colleges are always looking for leaders because they are often more likely to have a larger impact on the world.Ways to show leadership through your community service experiences include gaining more responsibility over time, developing or leading the planning of a new project, and supervising other volunteers. Regularly Participating in Community Service The people and organizations awarding scholarships want to see a significant commitment to helping others, which means they prefer applicants who haveregularly participated in community service over a long period of time. This often means months or years of volunteer work.If you haven’t been involved in community service for very long, try to volunteer regularly and look for leadership opportunities in order to strengthen this part of your service. Helping People or a Place You Care About A passion for helping others is a critical part of most community service scholarships, so reviewers want to see applicants who have strong reasons for volunteering.Hopefully, you had important reasons for choosing to volunteer where you did. Do you plan to work in a similar field in the future? Was this place important to you growing up? Did you have a particularly influential tutor while growing up and want to provide the same guidance to someone else? Discuss these reasons in your essay and/or have someone else discuss them in your letter of recommendation.Try to develop relationships with the people you are helping and the people you are working with. Not only will this make your volunteer work more enjoyable, it will also likely increase the positive impact you have and make people more willing to write you a great letter of recommendation. #2: Analyze Your Community Service Experiences The application process for most community service scholarships requires you to think critically about your community service and its impact on your life.Thinking about this now, early on in the process, will give you time to review and strengthen your answers and will also help you choose which scholarships to apply for and how to structure your essays later on. Ask yourself the following questions, and write the answers down somewhere where you can reference them again as you complete your applications: What made you first choose to participate in community service? Why did you choose to volunteer where you did? How has your community service changed you? How has your community service benefited others? What is your favorite memory from community service? What friendships have you gained as a result of your community service? #3: Have Solid Academics Even though the people reviewing your application are particularly interested in your community service, they also want to award the scholarships to strong students, as the majority of these scholarships will be used to pay for college.Many community service scholarships require a minimum GPA, and somealso require completing particular coursework, such as taking certain math courses for scholarships geared towards STEM students. For most community service scholarships, the stronger your grades and academic work, the better your chance of winning.This includes your GPA, class rank, and rigor of your courses.Some scholarships are also only given to students planning on majoring in a particular field or who plan on pursuing a particular career, such as nursing or social work. If your grades aren’t as high as you’d like them to be, there are some community service scholarships that do not take your grades into account, so you may want to focus on applying to those. #4: Research Different Scholarships After you've spent time strengthening and thinking about your community service experiences, it’s time to start looking for scholarships.There are hundreds of community service scholarships available, and we have a guide that includes a complete list of them!You can also see ifyour high school or future college offers community service scholarships, or search online. You can search for scholarships based on the type of community service performed, specific colleges you’d like to apply to, GPA requirements, and more. Before you apply to a scholarship, it's important to check whetheryou meet its eligibility requirements. Many community service scholarships have very specific requirements for things such as applicants’ age, race, GPA, and financial need.Check eligibility carefully now so that you don’t waste time applying for a scholarship you don’t quality for. You also shouldn't apply to just one scholarship.One of the best ways to increase your chances of winning a community service scholarship is to apply for multiple scholarships.Keep in mind as well that not all community scholarships are restricted to high school seniors, so you may be able to start applying earlier and build up your scholarship fund. Throughout this process, you should also be paying careful attention to application deadlines.Many deadlines are early in the school year, so try to start your applications early and use a calendar to keep track of when materials need to be submitted. #5: Write a Strong Essay Almost all community service scholarships require an essay in order to apply, and they are often the most important part of your application.Your essay gives you the chance to explain what you did during your community service, the impact it had on others, and the impact it had on you. These are all things that are very important to scholarship committees. Before you begin any essay, make sure you carefully read the instructions. Different scholarships will want your essay to focus on different aspects of your community service. Some want you to discuss how you changed, while others want you to focus more on how you helped others. Some want you to describe one specific memory from your community service while others want a broad overview of your work. Pay attention to this, because even if you write a wonderful essay, if it wasn’t on what the instructions asked for, you won’t win the scholarship. If you are applying to multiple scholarships, also be prepared to write different essays for each of them, although you can often reuse parts of one essay for other scholarships. We have a guide thatexplains step-by-step how to write great community service essays. Some major points to keep in mind are: Include specific details about your experience so people reading your essay better understand the work you did. Discuss specific projects, moments, and people in your essay. Highlight your personal strengths so readers get a better sense of your personality. Are you a motivated leader? A natural people person? Give examples to support this. Make your accomplishments clear. What was the impact of your community service? Who did it help? How did it improve your community? Image Source: Jonathan Kim/Flickr #6: Get Excellent Letters of Recommendation Not all scholarships require submitting a letter or letters of recommendation, but when they are required, they are usually a very important part of the application. We have a guide that gives a complete overview of how to get a great letter of recommendation.Some of the main points to consider are: Ask your community service supervisor to write your letter, as they will often be able to fully describe the work you did and write professionally. If your supervisor doesn’t know you particularly well, you may consider asking a coworker write you a letter instead, if that is allowed by the scholarship’s guidelines. Talk to the person writing your letter about what you’d like them to include, such as particular projects, examples of leadership, or times you worked well with others. Remember that youwill get the best letters of recommendation if you have developed strong relationships with people you volunteer with and if you’ve spent a significant amount of time working at one place. This is again why having a strong record of community service is so important for winning scholarships. #7: Gather Additional Materials Writing the essay and getting letters of recommendation are usually the most challenging parts of applying for community service scholarships, but once you have finished with those, don’t forget some of the smaller application requirements. Most community service scholarships request some additional application materials. The specific material needed varies for each scholarship, but can often include: School transcripts Your work history A list of your other extracurricular activities Awards or honors you've received Proof of financial need Some scholarships have different submission deadlines for different parts of the application, so make sure you are staying organized and submitting each of the application materials on time. #8: Review and Submit! The final step before you submit your application should be to check over each of your application materials.Is your essay as strong and specific as it could be? Do you have each piece of information you need to apply? It’s often useful to have someone else, such as a parent or teacher, look over your application, particularly the essay. Many times they can give valuable feedback that will help make your application even stronger. Once you are confident with everything, it’s time to submit!If there is a website for the scholarship, it will usually mention when winners will be notified, but if you can’t find this information, feel free to contact someone who helps organize the scholarship and ask them.Good luck! What's Next? Want to learn more about community service? Check out our guide to community serviceand learn what community service is, what its benefits are, and how you can get involved. Want to know where you should do volunteer work? Check out our guide to the 9 best places to do community service. Interested in applying to other scholarships? Check out these 21 great scholarships for high school seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Entrapment by Government Agents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrapment by Government Agents - Essay Example Throughout the two and a half years, the government has been pestering Jacobson, to the point of almost forcing him to commit a crime. The fictitious organizations that have been sending him mails and surveys seem to be wanting to pin him down. The government was trying to lure him to commit the crime by informing him that censorship was infringing on his rights and sexual freedom. Jacobson is an innocent victim of entrapment by the government. The information about pornography and other illicit sexual activities were being fed to Jacobson, flaunted right into his mail box. The government did not give him a choice but to participate in the surveys and be a member of the phony organizations. Instead of trying to trap him, the government should have gone after the real offenders, those who do not need any persuasion from them to commit the crime. The Supreme Court defined entrapment in this case by stating that â€Å"if the defendant before contact with law enforcement officers or their agents did not have any intent or disposition to commit the crime charged and was induced or persuaded by law enforcement officers or their agents to commit the crime, then he was entrapped† (What constitutes entrapment by government agents?, 1992). Yes, one agrees with the definition of the Supreme Court. One believes that to prove that there is entrapment, two factors must be considered which was captured in the definition of the Supreme Court. The first is that the defendant was induced by the government to commit the crime. The second factor is the matter of whether the defendant is predisposed to commit the crime, given the fact that he was induced inappropriately to commit the

Statement of Alberto Giacometti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statement of Alberto Giacometti - Essay Example Alberto preferred the life of the cat over the painting of the supreme Dutch painter of the seventeenth century, Rembrandt, who was an artist of intensely poetic thoughts, without a doubt with an unambiguous penchant towards the implausible, and enthusiastically involved in tribulations of design. Opting to save a cat over Rembrandt painting is not a simple decision as when art lovers imagine masterpiece painting, it is Rembrandt who first appears in mind. And the obsession they worth most is how Rembrandt depicted people, and himself in all those self-portraits, with such impending, compassion, and understanding. Giacometti was right in saving the cat over the Rembrandt paintings as he was a main actor in the Existentialist faction, but his work opposes uncomplicated classification. Several explain it as Formalist, others disagree that it is Expressionist. Still after his excommunication from the Surrealist group, while the intent of his sculpting was frequently simulation, the end products were an expression of his emotional reaction to the subject. He endeavored to produce renditions of his sculpts the approach he saw them, and the way he contemplates they should be seen. Giacometti stands in distressed necessitate of a moral ideal for the dealing of living beings and nonliving beings in society.

Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American Civil Rights Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American Civil Rights Essay To what Degree was Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American civil Rights? After the end of the civil war, there were many issues which needed to be addressed. The civil rights of the African Americans were in need of change, and during this period there were hopes that new legislation would be implemented to aid African Americans and other minority groups. This legislation would be called the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment of 1868 (which promised equality), and finally the 15th Amendment (which gave the right to vote). However, despite the positive legislation, reconstruction aggravated a lot of people and brought the southern states into conflict with the Government. The Freedmens Bureau was established in 1865, which aimed to provide food, clothing, and fuel to formal slaves and white refugees. The Freedmens Bureau bill was also passed by Abraham Lincoln; however Johnson vetoed it, however a supplementary act extended its existence until 1870. This was very good for black rights, as it gave blacks more protection and a safety net if they were too poor to buy food and support their families. However, it was only meant as a temporary act, and therefore there was always the looming feeling that it would soon come to an end, and also the promises of it were not fulfilled to the extent at which it was said to be. The Amendments which were introduced also gave black people a real hope in gaining independence and freedom. The 13th amendment was introduced in 1865, and this guaranteed the permanent abolishment of slavery. The emancipation proclamation which was introduced by Abraham Lincoln was seen as more of a temporary fix whilst the war was going on, however the 13th amendment solidified it and made it a more permanent and clear reality. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. However, although by law it states that there shall be no slavery, slavery continued on a more hidden basis. Sharecropping still existed, and freedmen who had come out of slavery with no qualifications or experience became unemployed, so the living conditions for most freedmen did not improve. Slave-owners were also reluctant to let their slaves leave, and often kept them illegally. The 14th Amendment however was introduced in 1870, and this aimed to further secure the rights of the freedmen. This turned out to be one of the most important Amendments ever made to the American constitution. It threatened to reduce the representation of the states which continued to discriminate. However, a loophole in this law was that the states which continued to discriminate would just accept the unequal representation, but carry on with their discrimination, yet just not so obvious. Therefore by some, this could be seen as a false dawn, as it did address the issue of freedmen not having rights, but it also created a loophole for the southern states to take advantage of. The 15th Amendment was introduced two years later, which aimed to cover the loophole which was created by the 14th amendment. This stated: Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude This was a huge step forward for black civil rights, as this means that the south was not able to carry on with their discrimination against many voters, and this nullified the loophole in the law which was created by the 14th Amendment. However, more loopholes were created with this, with unattainable requirements being implemented just to be able to vote. For example, voters in some states had to be taxpayers which was not possible for freedmen, as most were not earning enough to be able to pay tax, and also literacy tests were introduced which were severely biased against black people, with questions which were completely unanswerable. Another reason why this did not entirely work was because of the uprising of the KKK. They were a terrorist group which aimed to scare black people into not voting, and to basically cause terror because they were black. They at first were not an ultra-violent group, however as time progressed they quickly became increasingly violent, as lynchings were common, and they would often target the black people who were doing well for themselves, I.E lawyers who were doing a lot for civil rights, or those who went to vote. Because of this huge suppression and hatred, a lot of black people were scared to vote and in reality voting was not a freedom for black people. Some historians would say that reconstruction it itself did not really care for the black rights, and that it was a political move to try and remain Republican power in the south. Abraham Lincoln himself did not have a clear policy for freed slaves after the Civil War, so reconstruction was not seen as a solid plan from the start, it was looking like a false dawn. False Dawn something which seems to show that a successful period is beginning or that a situation is improving when it is not. Reconstruction The act of constructing again, of rebuilding Bibliography * Wikipedia * Class Notes * Civil Rights In America Ron Field * About.com

Lessons from The Piano Lesson by August Wilson Essay -- The Piano Less

What should one do with their legacy, and how should it be put to use? In the play â€Å"The Piano Lesson†, the Charles' family faces this question, and struggles to find the answer. The family’s legacy is in the form of a piano. On the piano are carvings of their ancestors. The two main characters that are having a conflict over the piano are Berniece and Boy Willie. Boy Willie wants to sell the piano so he can add the proceeds of the sale to the proceeds of selling watermelon’s and buy some land from â€Å"Sutter†. Berniece doesn’t want to sell the piano because it holds the memories and blood that stains its wood (Gale, 2000, p255). She refuses to play the piano and keeps its history from her daughter in fear of calling up the spirits that might lie within the piano. The main symbol of the play is the 137-year-old piano, an object that holds a key to the family history. It takes on a number of meanings through the course of its life. It was carved to make Miss Ophelia happy, the piano's wooden figures indicate the interchangeable nature of slavery. As Doaker notes, who is Berniece and Boy willie’s uncle, "Now she had her piano and her niggers too." (ACT I, p741) The slave is the master's gift and accessory. The piano â€Å"visibly records the lost lives of Berniece and Boy Willie’s ancestors, and it is the only tangible link remaining between past and present† (Galens 2000). The piano also becomes a symbolic attempt to keep the family together. It is also then the physical record of the family's history. Boy Charles especially understands the carvings as narrative. As Doaker recalls: "†¦say it was the story of our whole family and as long as Sutter had it he had us. Say we was still in slavery." (Act I, p741) It might appear as if Be... ...ing one's legacy is answered so simply. The living draw strength from the ghosts of the past and the ghosts respond to the living because they speak from that very place. Works Cited Magill’s Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition  © 2007 by Salem Press, Inc. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=MOL9830000328&site=lrc-live SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Piano Lesson.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. "The Piano Lesson." Drama for Students. Ed. David M. Galens. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 243-262. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2693200025&v=2.1&u=bali98452&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Wilson, August. â€Å"The Piano Lesson.† Booth, Hunter, and Mays. The Norton Introduction to Literature. Portable ed. New York: Norton, 2006, p716-778.

Fool Chapter 3

THREE OUR DARKER PURPOSE[15] â€Å"Well this is a downy lot of goose toss if I've ever read it,† said I. I sat on the bastard's back, cross-legged, reading the letter he'd written to his father. â€Å"‘And my lord must understand how unjust it is that I, the issue of true passion, is shorn of respect and position while deference is given my half brother, who is the product of a bed made of duty and drudgery.'† â€Å"It's true,† said the bastard. â€Å"Am I not as true of shape, as sharp of mind, a – â€Å" â€Å"You're a whiny little wanker,[16] is what you are,† said I, my brashness perhaps spurred by the weight of Drool, who was sitting on the bastard's legs. â€Å"What did you think you would possibly gain by giving this letter to your father?† â€Å"That he might relent and give me half my brother's title and inheritance.† â€Å"Because your mother was a better boff than Edgar's? You're a bastard and an idiot.† â€Å"You could not know, little man.† It was tempting then, to clout the knave across the head with Jones, or better, slit his throat with his own sword, but as much as the king might favor me, he favors the order of his power more. The murder of Gloucester's son, no matter how deserved, would not go unpunished. But I was fast on my way to fool's funeral anyway if I let the bastard up before his anger cooled. I'd sent Shanker Mary away in hope that any wrath that fell might pass her by. I needed a threat to stay Edmund's hand, but I had none. I am the least powerful of all about the court. My only influence is raising others' ire. â€Å"I do know what it is to be deprived by the accident of birth, Edmund.† â€Å"We are not the same. You are as common as field dirt. I am not.† â€Å"I could not know then, Edmund, what it is to have my title cast as an insult? If I call you bastard, and you call me fool, can we answer as men?† â€Å"No riddles, fool. I can't feel my feet.† â€Å"Why would you want to feel your feet? Is that more of the debauchery of the ruling class I hear so much about? So blessed are you with access to the flesh's pleasures that you have to devise ingenious perversions to get your withered, inbred plumbing to come to attention – need to feel your feet and whip the stable boy with a dead rabbit to scratch your scurvy, libidinous itch, is it?† â€Å"What are you on about, fool? I can't feel my feet because there's a great oaf sitting on my legs.† â€Å"Oh. Quite right, sorry. Drool, lift off a bit, but don't let him up.† I climbed from the bastard's back and walked to the laundry doorway where he could see me. â€Å"What you want is property and title. Do you imagine that you will get it by begging?† â€Å"The letter's not begging.† â€Å"You want your brother's fortune. How much better would a letter from him convince your father of your worth?† â€Å"He would never write such a letter, and besides, he does not play for favor, it is his already.† â€Å"Then perhaps the problem is moving favor from Edgar to you. The right letter from him would do it. A letter wherein he confesses his impatience with waiting for his inheritance, and asks for your help in usurping your father.† â€Å"You're mad, fool. Edgar would never write such a letter.† â€Å"I didn't say he would. Do you have anything written in his hand?† â€Å"I do, a letter of credit he was to grant to a wool merchant in Barking Upminster.† â€Å"Do you, sweet bastard, know what a scriptorium is?† â€Å"Aye, it's a place in the monastery where they copy documents – bibles and such.† â€Å"And so my accident of birth is the remedy of yours, for because I hadn't even one parent to lay claim to me, I was brought up in a nunnery that had just such a scriptorium, where, yes, they taught a boy to copy documents, but for our darker purpose, they taught him to copy it in exactly the hand that he found on the page, and the one before that, and the one before that. Letter to letter, stroke for stroke, the same hand as a man long gone to the grave.† â€Å"So you are a skilled forger? If you were raised in a nunnery how is it you are a fool and not a monk or a priest?† â€Å"How is it that you, the son of an earl, must plead mercy from under the arse of an enormous nitwit? We're all Fate's bastards. Shall we compose a letter, Edmund?† I'm sure I would have become a monk, but for the anchoress. The closest to court I would have come would have been praying for the forgiveness of some noble's war crimes. Was I not reared for the monastic life from the moment Mother Basil found me squirming on the steps of the abbey at Dog Snogging[17] on the Ouze? I never knew my parents, but Mother Basil told me once that she thought my mother might have been a madwoman from the local village who had drowned in the river Ouze shortly after I appeared on the doorstep. If that were so, the abbess told me, then my mother had been touched by God (like the Natural) and so I was given to the abbey as God's special child. The nuns, most of whom were of noble birth, second and third daughters who could not find a noble husband, doted on me like a new puppy. So tiny was I that the abbess would carry me with her in her apron pocket, and thus I was given the name of Pocket. Little Pocket of Dog Snogging Abbey. I was much the novelty, the only male in that all-female world, and the nuns competed to see who might carry me in their apron pocket, although I do not remember it. Later, after I learned to walk, they would stand me on the table at mealtime and have me parade up and down waving my winky at them, a unique appendage in those feminine environs. I was seven before I realized that you could eat breakfast with your pants on. Still, I always felt separate from the rest of them, a different creature, isolated. I was allowed to sleep on the floor in the abbess's chambers, as she had a woven rug given her by the bishop. On cold nights I was permitted to sleep under her covers to keep her feet warm, unless one of the other nuns had joined her for that purpose. Mother Basil and I were constant companions, even after I grew out of her marsupial affection. I attended the masses and prayers with her every day from as long as I could remember. How I loved watching her shave every morning after sunup, stropping her razor on a leather strap and carefully scraping the blue-black whiskers from her face. She would show me how to shave the little spot under your nose, and how she pulled aside the skin on her neck, so as not to nick her Adam's apple. But she was a stern mistress, and I had to pray every three hours like all the other nuns, as well as carry water for her bath, chop wood, scrub floors, work in the garden, as well as take lessons in maths, catechism, Latin and Greek, and calligraphy. By the time I was nine I could read and write three languages and recite The Lives of the Saints from memory. I lived to serve God and the nuns of Dog Snogging, hoping that one day I might be ordained as a priest myself. And I might have, but then one day workmen came to the abbey, stonecutters and masons, and in a matter of days they had built a cell off of one of the abandoned passages in the rectory. We were going to have our very own anchorite, or in our case, anchoress. An acolyte so devoted to God that she would be walled up in a cell with only a small opening through which she would be passed food and water, and there she would spend the rest of her life, literally part of the church, praying and dispensing wisdom to the people of the village through her window until she was taken into the bosom of the Lord. Next to being martyred, it was the most holy act of devotion a person could perform. Daily I crept out of Mother Basil's quarters to check on the progress of the cell, hoping to somehow bask in the glory that would be bestowed upon the anchoress. But as the walls rose, I saw there was no window left to the outside, no place for the villagers to receive blessings, as was the custom. â€Å"Our anchoress will be very special,† Mother Basil explained in her steady baritone voice. â€Å"So devout is she that she will only lay eyes on those who bring her food. She will not be distracted from her prayers for the king's salvation.† â€Å"She is the charge of the king?† â€Å"No other,† said Mother Basil. The rest of us were bound by payment to pray for the forgiveness of the Earl of Sussex, who had slaughtered thousands of innocents in the last war with the Belgians and was bound to toast on the coals of Hell unless we could fulfill his penance, which had been pronounced by the Pope himself to be seven million Hail Marys per peasant. (Even with a dispensation and a half-price coupon purchased at Lourdes, the earl was getting no more than a thousand Hail Marys to the penny, so Dog Snogging was becoming a very rich monastery on his sins.) But our anchoress would answer for the sins of the king himself. He was said to have perpetrated some jolly-good wickedness, so her prayers must be very potent indeed. â€Å"Please, Mother, please let me take food to the anchoress.† â€Å"No one is to see or speak to her.† â€Å"But someone has to take her food. Let me do it. I promise not to look.† â€Å"I shall consult the Lord.† I never saw the anchoress arrive. The rumor simply passed that she was in the abbey and the workmen had set the stones around her. Week's went by with me begging the abbess to allow me the holy duty of feeding the anchoress, but it was not until one evening when Mother Basil needed to spend the night alone with young sister Mandy, praying in private for the forgiveness of what the abbess called a â€Å"Smashing Horny Weekender,† that I was allowed to attend to the anchoress. â€Å"In fact,† said the Reverend Mother, â€Å"you stay there, outside her cell until morning, and see if you can learn some piety. Don't come back until morning. Late morning. And bring tea and a couple of scones with you when you come back. And some jam.† I thought I would burst, I was so excited when I first made my way down that long, dark hallway – carrying a plate of cheese and bread, and a flagon of ale. I half expected to see the glory of God shining through the window, but when I got there, it wasn't a window at all, but an arrow loop, like in a castle wall, cut in the shape of a cross, the edges tapered so that the broad stone came to a point at the opening. It was as if the masons only knew one window they could put in a thick wall. (Funny that arrow loops and sword hilts, mechanisms of death, form the sign of the cross – a symbol of mercy – but on second thought, I guess it was a mechanism of death in itself.) The opening was barely wide enough to pass the flagon through; the plate would just fit through at the cross. I waited. No light came from inside the cell. A single candle on the wall across from the opening was the only illumination. I was terrified. I listened, to see if I could hear the anchoress reciting novenas. There wasn't even the sound of breathing. Was she sleeping? What kind of sin was it to interrupt the prayers of someone so holy? I put the plate and ale on the floor and tried to peer into the darkness of the cell, perhaps see her glow. Then I saw it. The dim sparkle of the candle reflecting in an eye. She was sitting there, not two feet from the opening. I jumped back against the far wall, knocking over the ale on the way. â€Å"Did I frighten you?† came a woman's voice. â€Å"No. No, I was just, I am – forgive me. I am awed by your piety.† Then she laughed. It was sad laughter, as if it had been held a long time and then let out in almost a sob, but she was laughing and I was confused. â€Å"I'm sorry, mistress – â€Å" â€Å"No, no, no, don't be sorry. Don't you dare be sorry, boy.† â€Å"I'm not. I won't be.† â€Å"What is your name?† â€Å"Pocket, mum.† â€Å"Pocket,† she repeated, and she laughed some more. â€Å"You've spilled my ale, Pocket.† â€Å"Aye, mum. Shall I fetch you some more?† â€Å"If you don't want the glory of my bloody godliness burning us both down, you better had, hadn't you, friend Pocket? And when you come back, I want you to tell me a story that will make me laugh.† â€Å"Yes, mum,† And that was the day that my world changed. â€Å"Remind me, why is it we're not just murdering my brother?† asked Edmund. From whimpering scribblings to conspiracy to murder in the course of an hour, Edmund was a quick study when it came to villainy. I sat, quill in hand, at the table in my small apartment above the great gatehouse in the outer wall of the castle. I have my own fireplace, a table, two stools, a bed, a cupboard for my things, a hook for my coxcomb and clothes, and in the middle of my room a large cauldron for heating and pouring boiling oil upon a siege force through gutters in the floor. But for the clanking of the massive chains when the drawbridge is raised or lowered, it is a cozy den in which to pursue slumber or other horizontal sport. Best of all, it is private, with a thumping big bolt on the door. Even among the nobles, privacy is rare, as conspiracy thrives there. â€Å"While that is an attractive course, unless Edgar is disgraced, disinherited, and his properties willfully given to you, the lands and title could pass to some legitimate cousin, or worse, your father might set about trying to sire a new legitimate heir.† I shuddered a bit then – along with, I'm sure, a dozen maidens about the kingdom – at the mental vision of Gloucester's withered flanks, bared and about the business of making an heir upon their nubile nobility. They would be clawing at the nunnery door to escape the honor. â€Å"I hadn't thought of that,† said Edmund. â€Å"Really, you, not think? How shocking. Although a simple poisoning does seem cleaner, the letter is the sharper sword.† If I gave the scoundrel proper rope, perhaps he could hang for both our purposes. â€Å"I can craft such a letter, subtle, yet condemning. You'll be the Earl of Gloucester before you can get dirt shoveled on your father's still twitching body. But the letter may not do all.† â€Å"Speak your mind, fool. As much as I'd love to silence your yammering, speak.† â€Å"The king favors your father and your brother, which is why they were called here. If Edgar becomes betrothed to Cordelia, which could happen before the morrow – well, with the princess's dowry in hand, there'll be no cause for him to resort to the treachery we are about to craft around him. You'll be left with your fangs showing, noble Edmund, and the legitimate son will be all the richer.† â€Å"I'll see he is not betrothed to Cordelia.† â€Å"How? Will you tell him horrid things? I have it on good authority that her feet are like ferryboats. They strap them up under her gown to keep them from flapping when she walks.† â€Å"I will see to it that there is no marriage, little man, don't you worry. But you must see to this letter. Tomorrow Edgar goes on to Barking to deliver the letters of credit and I'll return to Gloucester with my father. I'll let the letter slip to him then, so his anger has time to fester in Edgar's absence.† â€Å"Quick, before I waste parchment, promise you'll not let Edgar marry Cordelia.† â€Å"Fine, fool, promise you'll not tell anyone that you ever penned this letter, and I will.† â€Å"I promise,† said I. â€Å"By the balls of Venus.† â€Å"Then, so do I,† said the bastard. â€Å"All right, then,† said I, dipping my quill in ink, â€Å"although murder would be a simpler plan.† I've never cared for the bastard's brother Edgar, either. Earnest and open-faced is he. I don't trust anyone who appears so trustworthy. They must be up to something. Of course, Edmund hanging black-tongued for his brother's murder would make for a festive chandelier as well. A fool does enjoy a party. In a half-hour I had crafted a letter so wily and peppered with treachery that any father might strangle his son at the sight of it and, if childless, bastinade his own bollocks with a war hammer to discourage conspirators yet to be born. It was a masterpiece of both forgery and manipulation. I blotted it well and held it up for Edmund to see. â€Å"I'll need your dagger, sir,† said I. Edmund reached for the letter and I danced away from him. â€Å"First the knife, good bastard.† Edmund laughed. â€Å"Take my dagger, fool. You're no safer, I still have my sword.† â€Å"Aye, which I handed you myself. I need your dagger to razor the seal off that letter of credit so I may affix it to this missive of ours. You'll need to break it only in your father's presence, as if you yourself are only then discovering your brother's black nature.† â€Å"Oh,† said Edmund. He gave me the knife. I performed the deed with sealing wax and candle and handed the blade back with the letter. (Could I have used one of my own knives for the task? Of course, but it was not time for Edmund to know of them.) The letter was barely in his pocket before Edmund had drawn his sword and had it leveled at my throat. â€Å"I think I can assure your silence better than a promise.† I didn't move. â€Å"So, you lament being born out of favor, what favor will you court by killing the king's fool? A dozen guards saw you come in here.† â€Å"I'll take my chances.† Just then the great chains that ran through my room began to shake, rattling as if a hundred suffering prisoners were shackled to them rather than a slab of oak and iron. Edmund looked around and I scampered to the far side of the room. Wind rushed through the arrow loops that served as my windows and extinguished the candle I had used for the sealing wax. The bastard spun to face the arrow loops and the room went dark, as if a cape had been thrown over the day. The golden form of a woman shimmered in the air at the dark wall. The ghost said, â€Å"A thousand years of torture rule, The knave who dares to harm a fool.† I could only see Edmund by the glow of the spirit, but he was moving crablike toward the door that led out onto the west wall, reaching frantically for the latch. Then he threw the bolt and was through the door in an instant. Light filled my little apartment and I could again view the Thames through the slits in the stone. â€Å"Well rhymed, wisp,† said I to the empty air. â€Å"Well rhymed.†

Evaluation-Macbeth Coursework Essay

In my english coursework on Macbeth by William Shakespeare the task was to choose two soliloquys and write about them, write how they affect the story, the character, if they are important in that particular scene and if they make any significant mark on the play and the story. The two soliloquys I chose were act 1 scene 7, and act 2 scene 1. I chose these two soliloquys because they are important points in the story. They help shape the storyline and the way in which it goes. These two soliloquys come in the start of the play, and therefore help shape it greatly. They come just before Macbeth murders Duncan, act 1 scene 7 is where Macbeth is thinking to himself whether he should commit the murderous deed or not. His first thoughts to himself are that he shouldn’t, but his devious wife soon persuades him. In act 2 scene 1 Macbeth is on his own and is hallucinating. He sees a dagger before him pointing to Duncans room, almost beckoning him to go and kill his king to which Macbeth has been so loyal to. This soliloquy is famous and helps to shape the storyline because it is just before he kills Duncan. From these soliloquys I have studied I can learn a lot about the ideas of the play. I think the main ideas that I can gather from act 2 scene 1 are that a man can be completely changed by a single action in his life. Macbeth was loyal to his king, but then his wife suggested the idea of kiling Duncan and taking the throne himself. From this act I can also learn about the characters. Macbeth is influenced by his wife and she has a lot of control over him, he is a strong and loyal man to his king and has a fairly strong character. From this I can learn that a play works on characters actions and reactions, this is what builds storyline and character. The ideas of the play here as shown in this soliloquy by Macbeth deciding whether or not he should kill duncan are that a loyal man can be driven to do something that goes against what he stands for, and that the main character does not have much self confidence, and doubts himself. This soliloquy shows me that the character doubts himself, and is considering whether or not he should commit the murder so he can fullfil his wife’s plan of becoming king, which he is now beginning to like the idea of. From this I can learn that this particular play works on deceit, betrayal and selfishness from some characters. Some of the ideas in these soliloquys that interested me the most were how a mans ideas and thoughts of himself and what is right and wrong can be changed very quickly if his pride is under threat, as shown in act 2 scene 1. I find another idea interesting in act 1 scene 7, if someone is under pressure than their mind can work in a completely different way, and they would think to act like they would never act if they were calm and in control. This is shown here in this soliloquy by Macbeth thinking to himself whether or not he should commit the deed or not. In explaining my findings to the class, I was pleased with the way I interpreted the Shakespearean text and the way I wrote the essay in which I was reading from. Also in explaining it to the class, I think I should have looked up more and read as I looked at my essay sheet most of the time. I don’t think I made the audience feel involved enough in what I was saying. This is my evaluation of my Macbeth english coursework on soliloquy’s.

When to Use That, Which, and Who

When to Use That, Which, and Who When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who† When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who† By Mark Nichol The proper use of the relative pronouns who, that, and which relate the subject of a sentence to its object, hence the name. The question of which of the three words to use in a given context vexes some writers; here’s an explanation of their relative roles. Who, Whom, and Whose Who and whom refer only to people, and whose almost always does so: â€Å"I have a friend who can help.† â€Å"Whom you associate with is your concern.† â€Å"The person whose jacket was left behind is the likely culprit.† (Whose is sometimes used to refer to an object, as in â€Å"Notice the car whose headlights are off.† This awkward usage should be replaced by, for example, â€Å"Notice the car that has its headlights off† or, better, â€Å"Notice the car with its headlights off.†) That That refers mostly to things, though a class or type of person is also sometimes referred to by this pronoun: â€Å"He has the key that fits in this door.† â€Å"This is a team that is going places.† â€Å"He’s the kind of doctor that volunteers at a clinic on his day off.† Even though the previous sentence is technically correct, it’s usually best to maintain a distinction between people and not-people by using who in reference to a type of person: â€Å"He’s the kind of doctor who volunteers at a clinic on his day off.† (The use of that in association with people itself, however, is well attested, as in â€Å"I don’t like the kind of people that she hangs out with.†) But a class of people is always considered a thing, not a person, so a sentence like â€Å"This is a team who is going places† is never correct. Which Which, like that, refers to things, but a further consideration is that American English usage usually frowns on this word when it appears in a restrictive, or essential, clause, such as â€Å"I chose the card which is blank.† This sentence, which specifies a card among one or more others that are not blank, has a meaning distinct from â€Å"I chose the card, which is blank,† which refers to a single card and then describes it. (This is an example of a nonrestrictive, or nonessential, clause.) To further clarify that distinction, the restrictive form is generally illustrated by using that in favor of which, which is reserved for a nonrestrictive function, as in the preceding phrase. (One exception occurs when which is preceded by another usage of that, as in the sentence â€Å"What is good is that which is natural.†) (This form is sometimes called nonessential because the information that follows which is not required. In the first sample sentence, which is better rendered â€Å"I chose the card that is blank,† the card’s blank state is essential to the context. In â€Å"I chose the card, which is blank,† all we need to know is that the card was chosen; its quality of blankness is incidental.) Many writers and speakers of American English deplore the artificial distinction of favoring that over which in restrictive usage, but it is practical and well established two valid criteria for any variation in purely logical grammar. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureDawned vs. DonnedWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

The Ultimate AP Chemistry Study Guide

The Ultimate AP Chemistry Study Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying for the AP Chemistry exam is a challenging undertaking. There are so many different topics and types of problems that you're expected to master, some of which you might not have fully understood in your class. This AP Chemistry study guide is written to help you effectively navigate the road towards the AP exam. I'll give you all the information and resources you need to create a study plan, review the content, and practice your skills. What’s the Purpose of This AP Chemistry Study Guide? This guide will aid you in preparation for the AP Chemistry exam and any other assessments you encounter in your class.The first section outlines a study plan that will help you review the material effectively before the test.You can also use this plan as general advice for the best way to use practice tests in the context of your studying throughout the year. The next section lists study tipsthat specifically apply to AP Chemistry.It’s nice to have some strategies in hand before you begin prepping so that you get the most out of your time with the material! The section after this deals with the content of the course, divided by chemistry's Big Ideas.I’ll link to notes that provide information detailing each of the content areas and give you some supplemental videos that may help with explanations. Finally, I’ll provide online resources that you can use to test your knowledge of AP Chemistry, including practice multiple-choice quizzes by topic area and sample free-response questions. Alright, let's do this. AP Chemistry Study Plans AP Chemistry has many different components: data interpretation, math problems, concept memorization, logical reasoning.Where do you start? I'll describe the basic study process step-by-step first and then provide an approximate timeline. Step 1: Take and Score an Initial Diagnostic Test Practice tests are available online, through your AP teacher, or in review books.Take your diagnostic test under the same time constraints as the real exam (1 hour 30 minutes for multiple choice and 1 hour 45 minutes for free response).You should aim to take your first full-length practice test around the beginning of your second semester. Side Note: Even though they can be useful, you should alwaysbe wary of practice tests from review books. Whenever possible, try to use official tests from the College Board to judge your score level instead of tests that were written by prep companies. Unofficial tests are often significantly easier or harder than the real AP test. Step 2: Evaluate Your Results When you’re done, go back through your answers and score the test.Keep track of which types of questions you answered incorrectly (or answered correctly because of a lucky guess). This will allow you to collect arepository of concepts that you need to work on before taking the real test. Step 3: Study Weak Content Areas and Do Practice Problems Refer to your notes, review book, or information included later in this guide to refresh your knowledge of ideas that you had trouble with on the practice test.If you’re struggling with a particular type of problem, find a similar problem in your textbook, review book, or online, and walk yourself through the steps of solving it. First, just read the solution explanation.Then, try to do it yourself without looking at the explanation and see if you can find the right answer. If you go through a few problems or questions like this in areas that need work, you will start to build up comfort with the material. Step 4: Take and Score a Second Practice Test When you feel you’ve addressed the main issues you noticed on the first diagnostic test, you can takeanother practice test to measure your improvement. Overview of the Entire Process: Take and score a practice test (3.5-4 hours) Analyze and categorize your mistakes (1-2 hours) Do practice problems and study content that correspond to your areas of weakness on the test (2-3 hours) Take and score a second practice test (3.5-4 hours) After the second practice test, check your progress.If you’re satisfied, you can stop here at nine to 13 hours of studying, but I'd say that's the minimum study time for this test.Assuming you still want to improve or get more comfortable with the format of the exam, you can repeat the cycle as many times as necessary to reach your goals. Oh boy, a study plan that never has to end! AP Chemistry Study Strategies Before we get to notes on content, here are some study tips that you should keep in mind as you review. In a subject like chemistry, there's a huge difference between looking over the material and actually learning it. #1: Start With the Basics AP Chemistry is a subject that builds on itself from the ground up.If you don’t understand the essential reasoning behind the properties of different elements, you’ll have trouble answering more obscure problems down the road. For this reason, your studying should begin with the topics that were covered earliest in the year.If there’s a concept you learned early on that’s still giving you trouble, you should revisit it right away to solidify your understanding.If you don't absorb foundational knowledge before solving complex problems, you’ll end up wasting your time and getting more confused (or memorizing how to solve a specific problem without expanding your understanding of the concept). #2: Do It Yourself When studying a subject that requires step-by-step problem solving, students often read answer explanations and overestimate their levels of understanding.Everything seems so clear when you’re reading about it, but you'll feel different during the AP test when all you have is the problem in front of you. That's why it’s critical to re-do problems yourself after looking at the answer explanations.Learning by doing is the only way to go with chemistry. If you can find the solution on your own while genuinely understanding how you got there, you’ll do well on similar problems when they come up in the future. #3: Double Check for Logic and Units When you finish a chemistry problem, you might be tempted to accept the answer you calculated right away and continue to the next question. Before you do, check to make sure that your answer matches up with what you know about the problem and its scale.Many issues with units and significant figures can happen in chemistry, so you should double check to verify that your answer is in the correct form and makes logical sense. #4: Invest in a Review Book If you have the means, I’d highly recommend buying a review book to supplement independent studying.Review books can provide you with more concise explanations of concepts and better ideas for how to structure your time.They also have practice tests and questions that you can consult as you review different parts of the curriculum.Check out ourarticle on the best AP Chemistry review booksfor more specific ideas. It's time to break open your piggy bank (if only so it doesn't break you open first based on its incredibly disturbing facial expression). AP Chemistry Content First, I have for you a super sweet interactive periodic table!The periodic table is your best friend in AP Chemistry, and you’ll have access to it on the test.You should know all about the different types of elements and what the numbers in the table mean!This other site is also useful for sorting the elements according to their various unique properties. Here are links to some notes for the main topics that fall under each of the "Big Ideas" of the course. The Big Ideas represent six fundamental themes of AP Chemistry under the newly organized curriculum. These resources should help you to review key concepts if you find that you're missing sections in your notes from class: Big Idea 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangement of atoms. These atoms retain their identities in chemical reactions Chemical Foundations Units Scientific method Significant figures Basics of systematic problem-solving Organization/classification of matter Atomic structure and periodicity Electromagnetic radiation Max Planck and quantum theory Atomic spectrum Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy Bohr model Quantum mechanical model Quantum numbers and electron orbitals Coulomb’s Law Periodic trends Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Fundamental laws of chemistry Dalton’s atomic theory Millikan’s oil experiment Rutherford’s metal foil experiment Timeline of milestones in the history of chemistry Atomic structure Types of bonds Chemical formulas for molecules Organization of the periodic table Naming compounds Big Idea 2: Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them Bonding Types of chemical bonds Electronegativity Bond polarity and dipole moments Ions: size and electron configuration London dispersion forces Lewis structures VSEPR Model Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Liquids and Solids Intermolecular forces The liquid state Structures and types of solids Structure and bonding in metals Vapor pressure and state changes Phase diagrams Gases Pressure Gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro Ideal gas law Gas stoichiometry Dalton’s law Kinetic Molecular Theory Effusion/diffusion van der Waal’s equation Atmospheric chemistry Gas law practice problems Big Idea 3: Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons Stoichiometry Atomic and molar mass Percent composition of compounds and determining formulas for compounds Structure of chemical equations Balancing chemical equations Limiting reactant problems Percent yield Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry All about water Aqueous solutions and electrolytes Types of reactions (precipitation, acid-base, oxidation-reduction) Half-cell reactions Salts in solution Redox reactions tips and practice problems Big Idea 4: Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions Chemical Kinetics Reaction rates Rate laws Reaction mechanisms Catalysis Big Idea 5: The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter Chemical Equilibrium Equilibrium conditions Equilibrium constants Solving equilibrium problems Le Chatelier’s principle Thermochemistry All about energy Enthalpy and calorimetry Hess’s Law Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy Gibbs Free energy (G) Entropy changes in chemical reactions Free energy and chemical reactions Free energy ...and pressure ...and equilibrium ...and work The Nucleus Nuclear stability and radioactive decay Kinetics of radioactive decay Nuclear transformations Thermodynamic stability of the nucleus Nuclear fission and fusion Big Idea 6: Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations Properties of Solutions Solution composition Factors affecting solubility Vapor pressure of solutions Boiling point and freezing point variation Osmotic pressure Colloids Solubility and complex ion equilibria Solubility and solubility products Common Ion effects Precipitation Acids and Bases The pH scale Calculating pH Acid-base properties of salts and oxides Calculating acid strength Lewis Acid-Base Model Solving acid-base problems Acid-Base equilibria Buffered solutions Titration Acid-base indicators Supplemental Videos Bozeman Science playlist of AP chemistry essentials ChemGuy video lectures that cover the entire AP curriculum Khan Academy videos on every topic in chemistry This is how jazzed up you'll be when you watch these videos. Online Practice Resources This is a list of free online resources that have practice tests and problems that may aid in your studying. If you need more practice, you should also consider buying a review book or asking your AP teacher for additional official practice tests. College Board The College Board has free-response questions (along with scoring guidelines) from past tests (2006 to 2013) on its site for AP Chemistry.You can also find free-response questions from 2014 to 2017on the AP Student section of the College Board website. All of these are great for practice! ScienceGeek I like this site because it’s not all multiple choice. You have to solve problems completely on your own, which awesome practice for the AP test.There are tons of different activities that relate to all aspects of the course, and you can check your answers as you find them.This is a helpful resource for practice problems that will allow you to develop a strong fundamental understanding of the concepts. Albert iO Albert has sets of practice questions organized by concept and Big Idea.Each question is labeled Easy, Medium, or Hard, so you’ll know whether you’ve mastered the material.The site also records your progress and the accuracy of your answers in each topic area to make it easier to identify where your skills still need work.All questions are multiple choice, so make sure you also practice open-ended questions elsewhere (or do some of the problems without looking at the answer choices). Varsity Tutors This site has a bunch of practice tests on all topics related to AP Chemistry. Each test has a difficulty rating along with a listing of the average amount of time required to complete the questions.These tests are multiple choice, but there are plenty that will ask you to solve stoichiometry problems or balance equations.Just like Albert iO, once you’re well-versed in the material, you can try to do the problems without looking at the answer choices. Adrian Dingle’s Chemistry Pages This is a resource that offers short multiple choice quizzes on all topics in AP chemistry.The quizzes are only five questions long each, so they’re good for quick review of concepts that you already know fairly well. Barron’s Practice Test Barron’s provides a free online sample test with the same format as the real AP Chemistry exam. The multiple-choice is scored automatically, and free-response scoring guidelines are provided. Wander the Barron wasteland of your mind. Conclusion AP Chemistry is tough. It covers so much information, and most of it is complex and challenging to understand.Take a diagnostic test before you start studying so you can devise a plan that fits your needs, whether that means studying for 10 hours or 40 hours.I’d recommend that you use the study strategies and supplemental resources in this guide to bolster your understanding of the material.If you’re willing to work hard to master every topic in AP Chemistry, the test will be a much less stressful experience! What's Next? If you're still planning out your future high school schedule, take a look at this guide that will help you decide which AP classes to take in addition to chemistry. Do you plan on taking the SAT II in addition to your AP exams? Find out how subject tests compare to AP tests and which scores are more important for college applications. How high does your AP score have to be to qualify for college credit? Learn more about getting credit for AP classes in college. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Security Issues in Daily Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Security Issues in Daily Life - Essay Example Airports serve as gateways for people to reach different places. Thousands of people go to the airport and work for the airport everyday that is why it is a must that airports are secured and safe. Airports are one of the places which practice heavy security inspection (FWAO, 2006). Every area of the airport has security inspections. Upon entrance, most airports will already have metal detectors and x-ray scanners for the baggage. Recent development in technology enables airport security to have a human scan similar to an x-ray baggage scan wherein all metals and explosives can be detected (TSA, 2008). Some of these scanners are the backscatter x-ray and Compton x-ray. After being thoroughly inspected, the airport passengers check-in their baggage. After checking in the baggage, passengers again undergo a more rigid inspection. Body search and metal detectors are again used (Airsafe). This is the last security inspection before leaving the airport. In the US, fingerprinting is now being practiced. They also use smartcard readers. Smartcard technology is an additional security device used in US airports to ensure all the passengers have a record in the system (FWAO, 2006). Together with the fingerprinting, they can name all the passengers and in case of attacks, they can trace the culprits using the finger prints. Aside from these security checkpoints, most airports are equipped with closed-circuit television (CCTV). These are being monitored all day round. Airport security personnel are very diverse. Some of the most common security personnel are the airport police, some local or area police, military men, police dogs and bomb specialists, and airport security. Aside from these security personnel, airports have immigration officers who check the identity of the entering passengers. All of these personnel work together ensuring the safety of the people inside the airport (Airsafe). According to TSA (2008), different